The Anonymous Christian As Described By Karl Rahner Religion Essay Essay Example

The Anonymous Christian As Described By Karl Rahner Religion Essay Paper I would wish to initially begin by giving a short existence of Karl Rahner as depicted by the Karl Rahner Society. He was conceived in Freiburg, Germany, on March 5, 1904 and kicked the bucket in Innsbruck, Austria, on March 30, 1984. He entered the Jesuit request in 1922 and he was one of the most compelling theologists in the Vatican II age. His papers secured a wide extent of subjects ; a large portion of these issues were what concerned the Catholics from the 1940 s to the 1980 s. His papers gave numerous assets to both scholastic and peaceful godlikeness. He was fairly well known in his local German-talking states through his guidance, addresses, publication works and rank in intelligent social orders. He was distributed in worldwide distributions like Concilium. He had a major collection of plants 1651 distributions ( 4744 including reissues and interlingual interpretations ) ; He other than delighted in a positive reaction of his parts by numerous Protestant personalities. Rahner s impact turned out to be progressively evident after his administration as an authority missional philosophical master from1960 to 1965 preceding and during the Second Vatican Council. We will compose a custom paper test on The Anonymous Christian As Described By Karl Rahner Religion Essay explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on The Anonymous Christian As Described By Karl Rahner Religion Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on The Anonymous Christian As Described By Karl Rahner Religion Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer To see how Rahner shows up at his develop of the anon. Christian, it is of import to comprehend the balance of contemplations of Rahner. He was enormously affected by Immanuel Kant, Heidegger, and the Belgian Jesuit Joseph Marechal. The balance of Rahner s thoughts originates from a dream of the universe being a significant nation of God s self-correspondence. Rahner s initial two books were Spirit in the World and Hearer of the Word. Rahner s place, as written in his expositions, was significantly established in the Ignation way of thought, accepting that God is no matter what, sacrosanct devotion, and devotedness to Jesus and the Catholic way of thinking. Rahner addresses the anon. Christian in a meeting gave to Rev. Norman Wong Cheong Sau in an article named Karl Rahner s Concepts of the Anonymous Christian an Inclusivist View of Religions, he gave his own meaning of anon. Christian to Rev. Sau questioner: We lean toward the terminology orchestrating to which that a grown-up male is called an unknown Christian who on the one manus has true acknowledged of his opportunity this generous self-offering on God s partition through religion, expectation, and love, while on the other he is impeccably non yet a Christian at the cultural degree ( through submersion and rank of the Church ) or in the feeling of holding intentionally typified his Christian religion to himself in his ain head ( by unequivocal Christian religion resulting from holding noticed to the communicated message ) . We may subsequently, put it as follows: the unknown Christian in our feeling of the term is the rapscallion after the start of the Christian crucial, lives in the area of Christ s beauty through religion, expectation, and love, yet who has no communicated insight of the way that his life is orientated in elegance offered recovery to Jesus Christ. A non-mysterious Christian for lack of a superior term or a pronounced Christian is individual who has acknowledged Christ and lives with the beauty of God s elegance, love, expectation and misgiving. This individual announces himself a Christian, was purified through water and lives by God s Torahs. Rahner bases his confidence in the anon. Christian as individual who carries on with a Christian way of life however has non yet proclaimed himself a genuine Christian. By pronouncing oneself a genuine Christian, orchestrating to Rahner, you should be purified through water, go to mass and ask in the conventional normalized way. This of class, incorporates life by God s Torahs and life in a Christ like mode. This individual proclaims themselves a Christian in each way, the way they talk, the way they ask and their exculpation from unique mischievousness. A decent outline of the pronounced Christian would be Mother Teresa. Mother Teresa recognized that she lived in the Grace of God and adhered to his words and directions. She acknowledged Jesus as her way to God. In accepting that Jeus Christ is the solitary way to God is trust in an exclusivist mode. Fitting to Rahner there is more than one way to make God. This would be the Inclusivist position. It acknowledges that Jesus is nevertheless simply one way to God, yet recognizes that there are others. Rahner arrangements of the powerful reclamation for individuals who live in God s beauty without the recognized rubric of Christian. The Inclusivist position is the thing that has prompted Karl Rahner s portrayal of the anon. Christian. Blending to Rahner it is non important to be a proclaimed Christian to work your way to God. In Pope John Paul II s visit to Mahatma Gandhi s grave The Pope put bloom petals on the grave and said that followings of different religions can be spared by Christ without being changed over. This gave some fame to Rahner s guarantee that any grown-up male who designs a confidence or acts blending to normal statute and is honored by God s elegance is an anon. Christian, regardless of whether he does non wish to recognize it. Gandhi was an ideal outline of this anon. Christian, in spite of the fact that he did non name himself a Christian by name he lived in a Christ like mode, followed his confidence reliably and practiced Christian mentalities to other peop le, in this manner populating in God s elegance. There is a quote in the Rahner Reader on Page 75 that best portrays the awareness used by Gandhi in being called an anon. Christian, The head of even the anon. Christian is raised to the heavenly request by the finesse of Christ, tenet is non carefully common action. The best of current tenet ought to be viewed as the self-impression of a head to which God has uncovered himself verifiably through his beauty. This quote portrayed the elegance given to Gandhi through his inner self cognizance and through his thought system that prompts his Christian like convictions. Albeit, again, non being a pronounced Christian, Gandhi, would be viewed as an anon. Christian as his convictions and life way carried him into the beauty of God. Of class, any individual can go an anon. Christian ; it depends on their convictions and their way of thought, and their heavenly recovery. In the event that a grown-up male s ground is what drives him closer to beautify so according to Rahner, The anon. Christian whether they know it or non, regardless of whether they recognize it from the obvious radiation of their regular ground or non are edified by the noticeable radiation of God s effortlessness which God denies no grown-up male. Bing a Christian is non a prerequisite to having God s elegance. Fitting to Rahner, God s effortlessness is detached to all work powers. Introduced in Rahner s Reader is a progress about exploring new grounds, Christ s message can in any case be heard. In spite of the fact that, the inhabitants may non get Christ or his assertion it does non mean that they are non populating in the beauty of God. The Western World, during it s wonderings into strange grounds while moving Christ s message, ever experiences a universe where Christ s elegance has for quite some time been grinding away despite the fact that non called by its ain name. ( Rahner 80 ) Basically what Rahner is expressing here is that no undertaking where we travel we can happen anon. Christians. He accepts that God s beauty is busy working in numerous terrains, topographic focuses where the occupants may non even have known about Jesus Christ or of God Himself. Rahner has a truly loosened head, in the exclusivist position the solitary way to God is through Christ. Rahner is model of the inclusivist position. I concur with Rahner that to be close God does non needfully mean that we should simply acknowledge Jesus Christ as our Lord and guardian angel. There are numerous individuals that carry on with a decent life, are Christian like in the entirety of their ways yet they do non love Jesus equivalent to Christians. Numerous individuals in numerous terrains are honored by God s beauty. A large number of the individuals of Israel, albeit Jewish, despite everything carry on with an actual existence that is graced by God. They ask, the display Christian like atitudes, Judaic individuals can populate an upright devout life and through reasonable insight accept that they are noble, and envision God expressing them that no undertaking how great of a real existence they lived they could non obtain into Eden or be granted the endowment of his beauty. This is the place Rahner s anon. Christian hypothesis accepts that despite the fact that they are non viewed as Christians, they despite everything can have God s elegance and love. To summarize Karl Rahner s spot of the anon. Christian, anybody can be an anon. Christian ; it only accepts the demonstration of life as a Christian and non the communicated revelation of being a Christian. Effortlessness exists by affecting a strict, individual significance, by being the divinizing status of the last mentioned, and consequently assumes and consolidates into itself the entire universe of this person as the status of its ain chance and makes it part of the elements o fits of rage ain cement being ( Rahner 75 ) At the end of the day effortlessness exists by the activities of individuals and the activities are a bit that makes up the entirety. Along these lines, it is the activities of the individuals that choose if they are deserving of God s beauty. The universe is brimming with anon. Christians. Some we may recognize by name, for example, Gandhi and others are the anon. faces we pass ordinary in the city. In any case, we are non ready to select them with the exception of by their activities in light of the fact that even their venerating or non adoring wonts can non help to choose those deserving of God s elegance.

Effects of Television on Our Society Essay -- Media TV Essays Impact

Impacts of Television on Our Society Presentation Plato once, prophetically, suggested a conversation starter that alludes to the very center of this task. In philosophizing on the issue of amusement and its different, now and then faulty, sources he requested that his kindred residents think about the accompanying â€Å"Shall we just indiscreetly permit our youngsters to hear easygoing stories which might be contrived by easygoing people, and to get into their brains thoughts generally the extremely inverse of those which we should wish them to have when they are developed up?† Will we to be sure? It is a progressing banter. Plato clearly perceived the force stories need to shape who and what we are, and albeit some might be hesitant to admit to how much impact TV has on their character and practices, the proof is hard to disprove. First we should all recognize that what we, as individuals from a general public, decide to watch on TV influences us, as we are not just latent beneficiaries of the messages we experience on our TV screens; TV seeing isn't just an observer sport. We may feel like careless automatons as we sink ever more profound into our love seats and let ourselves be engaged by sitcoms, yet when we at long last draw ourselves up and off the sofa, we don't just leave the pictures and messages behind. They are presently a piece of; all that we have seen and heard turns into a piece of our recollections and shapes our impression of the real world, to what degree is doubtful. We are continually deciphering what we see and hear, even subliminally, and the sitcoms that have consistently penetrated our every day lives add to a mutual form of the real world. A culture depends on these common implications, and furnishes us with a focal point for understanding the world we live in. It is ou... ... http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~taflinge/comcrit.html (got to September 27, 2002) 17.The Cosby Show (2002) The Cosby Show Changes the Way Blacks are Viewed. September 2002. Accessible Online: http://www.engl.virginia.edu/~enwr1016/public_html/amc2d/cosby.html (gotten to September 27, 2002) 18.The Globe and Mail (2001). The Sad, Cruel World of The Simpsons. Accessible on the web: http://www.snpp.com/other/articles/sadcruel.html (gotten to September 25, 2002) 19.Violence on Television. Accessible Online: http://www.apa.org/pubinfo/violence.html(accessed October 31, 2002) 20.Violence Prevention. Accessible Online: http://www.violence-prevention.com/violenceAndTV.asp (got to October 30, 2002) 21.Tucker, Ken. The Bernie Mac Show. Accessible Online: http://www.ew.com/ew/article/audit/television/0,6115,183488~3~0~berniemacshow,00.html (gotten to November 8, 2002)

Democratic Senators Ask CFPB to Protect Consumers from Predatory Chattel Loans - OppLoans

Democratic Senators Ask CFPB to Protect Consumers from Predatory Chattel Loans - OppLoans Democratic Senators Ask CFPB to Protect Consumers from Predatory Chattel LoansInside Subprime: May 13, 2019By Lindsay FrankelA group of Democratic senators are requesting that the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau provide more transparency to consumers during the process of purchasing a manufactured home. Because manufactured home retailers aren’t required to share their lender affiliations with potential buyers, borrowers often end up getting pushed towards high-interest chattel loans, even if they are eligible for less costly alternatives.Senators Catherine Cortez Masto (D-NV), Kamala Harris (D-CA), Elizabeth Warren (D-MA), Jeff Merkley (D-OR), Patty Murray (D-WA), Tina Smith (D-MN), Chris Van Hollen (D-MD), Richard Blumenthal (D-CT) and Ron Wyden  (D-OR) expressed their concerns over predatory chattel loans in a letter to CFPB director Kathleen Kraninger.“Typically, the majority of consumers who have not actively sought to educate themselves prior to visiting a retailer wil l first learn about the process of financing, purchasing and owning their home from sales staff on a retail lot,” the letter reads. “These initial interactions have historically led to practices that steered buyers to higher-cost chattel loans offered by the financial affiliates of the retail company.”Almost 20 million Americans have homes in manufactured housing, and this type of home ownership is often popular with families earning less than $50,000 annually.Under the Obama administration, the bureau found that the majority of chattel loan borrowers were issued expensive loans, with about 68 percent of these loans considered “higher-priced mortgage loans,” compared to only three percent of loans for homes built on-site.What’s more, buyers had lower incomes on average and tended to be older and live in rural areas. Families living in manufactured housing had about one quarter of the median net worth of other types of households.As former director Richard Cordray pointed out at the time, “These consumers may be more financially vulnerable and benefit from strong consumer protections.” He added, “The Bureau is committed to ensuring that consumers have access to responsible credit in the manufactured housing market.”The letter to Kraninger urges the CFPB to require that manufactured housing retailers disclose connections with lenders when issuing a referral and provide information on alternative financing choices. “We urge the CFPB to work with consumer advocates to design and implement an appropriate disclosure form that ensures manufactured home buyers understand their options and are not steered into high-cost loans,” the Senators wrote.The CFPB under the Trump administration has been repeatedly criticized for undermining the agency’s intended mission by rolling back consumer protections. Democrats have denounced the bureau’s lack of enforcement actions against student loan providers and the agency’s decision to halt examinations for violations of the Military Lending Act. The bureau also announced that it would rescind critical portions of an Obama-era rule governing payday  loans, which consumer advocates say leaves Americans vulnerable to high-cost, predatory lending.Learn more about payday loans, scams, and cash advances by  checking out our city and state financial guides, including Florida,  Illinois, Chicago, Ohio, Texas and more.Visit  OppLoans  on  YouTube  |  Facebook  |  Twitter  |  LinkedIn

Comparing Ray and Charles Eames with Ron Arad Free Essay Example, 1250 words

The two artists chosen compares in many ways. Ron Arad designs were mainly based on the post-industrial nature of designs. Ron also is still seen to be active in the design industry, unlike his counterparts who are no longer practicing in the design industry. Ron s furniture was mainly made of steel, carbon fiber and glass. The materials made for his furniture are mainly waterproof owing to the nature of materials that have been used in designing them which are polyurethane and also polyester fiber. His furniture has the characteristic of being portable in nature while maintaining their colors since they are waterproof, hence no fading of colors takes place in his furniture. Ray and Charles Eames have their furniture mainly made of organic materials. Their home furnishings mainly come from plywood materials. Ray and Charles Eames unlike Ron are not practicing currently their designing and architecture. They were industrial and graphic designers and also ventured into fine art and fi lm. Therefore, they have a more varied nature of practicing design and architecture when compared to Ron. They had many works based on photography unlike Ron and designed many houses including their own house. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing Ray and Charles Eames with Ron Arad or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Marketing Research Tools Paper - 1080 Words

Research Methodologies Many companies use different research tools when conducting primary and secondary research. This paper will discuss the several research tools used and discuss the differences in primary and secondary research when using qualitative and quantitative approaches. Once that has been established, there will be discussion as to which tools are used for each approach and why. Primary Research Primary research also called field research is the most common approach. Primary research is surveys, which can include questionnaires and observation methods. These survey methods include by mail, telephone, e-mail and personal interviews. Questionnaires for research purposes are composed of questions that structured for†¦show more content†¦Looking at exhibit 5.1 below (Mc Daniel Jr., Gates, 2007) this is another example of Qualitative versus Quantitative research one can see that the types of questions qualitative research is based on probing to a small sample size and the information that is being gathered is substantial. Quantitative is limited probing and the sample size are large and the information that is gathered varies. Requirements for administration for qualitative is an interviewer with special skills and the analysis is subjective and interpretive. Hardware is tape recorders, projection devices, video recorders, pictures etc. Qualitative rese arch requires interviewer with fewer special skills or not interviewer and the analysis is statistical, summation. The hardware is questionnaires, computers and printouts. The degree of replicability for qualitative is low, and for quantitative is high. 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Occupy Wall Street Movement Essay - 1449 Words

Occupy Wall Street Movement If heavy student loan debt , soaring tuition fee, climbing taxes, plummeting financial aid, nose-diving employment opportunities, exacerbating inequality between common people and wealthy class, are some of the issues that infuriate you and lead you to blame government’s generous bailing out failed banks and other financial institutions then you cannot not know about Occupy Wall Street(OWS) movement. List all information you know about your subject Occupy Wall Street is one of the top 10 US protest movements inspired by popular revolts against authority in Egypt and Tunisia which finally led to toppling of their respective presidents. It began on 17th September 2011 in liberty square in Manhattan’s†¦show more content†¦The modus operandi of this movement is more directed towards direct action, as opposed to taking course of petitioning to authorities’ in other similar movements. The drivers of the movement claim to bring about a revolution through this movement across the globe. However, is the OWS movement actually qualifies to be called catalyst in bringing about the much hyped word ‘the revolution’? In my opinion: ‘NO’. OWS is compelling enough to initiate a dialogue or a discussion about the current state or to let the authority know that citizens are not complacent. Other than that, with no leader, no clear agenda and, no institutional support , I do not see this movement being effective enough in bringing about the so called ‘revolution’. There are three key reasons which lead me to reach this assessment. Firstly, OWS does not recognize the need of leadership. According to the protesters the leadership will result in hierarchy which means inequality. 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This group was initiated by a Canadian activist and it has led to occupy protests and movements around the world. The Occupy Wall Street movement began as a collective expression due to the current economic conditions in the United States of America. Occupy Wall Street has a slogan which is We

Develop a Plan for Famous Financial Corporation Computer Investigatio

Question: Describe about the Develop a Plan for Famous Financial Corporation? Answer: Introduction Computer forensics is known as the branch of science which deals with the investigation of digital devices which is very much related to the computer crime. The digital forensics is also known as the computer forensics that has now become to extension of all devices that are capable of pile up the data (Bauchner, 2006). With amount of rise in the cyber crimes in US and European nations, most of the nations has build a special task force called the digital forensic investigations team that take part in the investigating the criminal law against those who are violates their civil rights of using the computer. The study will focus on the famous financial corporation whose has been failing to track the unauthorized the money transfer to recipients. Apart from that, the study also focuses on the specific digital forensic investigations (Clarke, 2010). Here, the famous financial company is being unauthorized funds is being shifted in the sales department who is not informed any of the department. This problem is caused by computer hacking and breaching firewall system of financial company (Easttom Taylor, 2011). However, lack of the information about the unknown recipient is one of the major problems for the company. Since, as an head of information protection department of famous corporation, the duty to find the department where the fund has been transferred (Hoog McCash, 2011). It is one of the major responsibility which is given by the senior VP HR manager of the company. Digital forensic investigations In order to catch a unwanted recipient who is doing the unauthorized cash transaction from the one department another, in this case sales department. Therefore as the head of information protection department (IPD), with use of several tools and techniques from the various sources would help the investigation more in depth which will give an insight of the cyber thief who is creating problem for the company (Prosise Mandia, 2003). As a head of the company, using the existing personnel to engage in the process of finding the actual recipient who has been breaching the secured robust firewall system of the company is initial step. Digital forensic technician: One of the major works of the digital forensic technician is to gather the information and proof from the area of crime scene. The technician will take every code or breaching code used by the unauthorized recipient along with other samples (Shinder Tittel, 2002). Technician will be carrying out live investigation of the data with help of various tool such as Microsoft COFEE. Apart from that, the technician will also use the various hard drive and also track down the IP address in order to check where the exact location of cyber thief. Besides that, digital media instrument will help the technician to collect the data of crime which will help in further investigations (Vacca, 2005). Digital verification inspector: Digital forensic investigator is very much has expertise in the field of collecting the digital evidence. In the broader sense the evidence officer will be using his computer forensic to find out the exact breach of password for the company (Vacca Rudolph, 2011). Apart from that, the evidence examiner wil also be taking finger prints of the employees and managers along with DNA evidence in order to check the last server user. One of the major principles of the digital verification is that every information is written in binary units 1and 0 that can be saved to break the code or softwares. In order to finding this type of saved instruction, mainframe computer will be needed to be investigate as an evidence (Hatch, 2008). There has been several computer fraudulent has been happened since 1970s for instance, Flagler dog track in Florida, USA has innovated the print fake winning tickets. This has created a new law called the computer crime act which is based on the unauthorized used of the computer crime. Digital evidence as per the examiner will be identified in the computer hard drive and other apparatus of computer. This will also includes the thumb drives and the other removable drives like pen drive or the CD ROM etc (Sarkar, 2013). Strategy for conducting the investigation The digital investigation would be conducted on the digital forensic investigations irrespective of the internal manpower fraudulent case or inspecting the access to server who is stealing the money their own department. Some of the major strategy used by the IPD during the time of their investigation are given below: Data collection strategy Taking charge of full evidence: One of the major first step is to taking the charge of the entire crime scene by seizing all of the evidence. With the help of consulting with technician ask him/her to take the required peripheral from the scene. Take permission from the manager before seizing the evidence (Thakkar, 2010). Entire suspect and witness must be removed near evidences. Entire information regarding the LAN including the passwords, operating system email address must be gather as the information required for further investigations. Handling of the evidence: While reaching at the scene seek as the evidence is it is for instance of the computer is in the turn on then dont turn off the computer. If the computer is being turn off then while turning it on then read the and save the encryptions software installed on the mainframe of the computer (Tipton Krause, 2012). While doing the forensic methods to collect the encrypted data before shutting down the PC then analyses the power needed for the device with its existing memory system and follow the protocols or norms while handling these devices as an evidence. After that, taking photo graph of the computer and its area and make the videos of the computer connections environment. Note down the pre loss of the damage of the any kind of evidence. Cut the Computer network: Make the computer standalone by disconnecting the entire power sources and along with that if there is laptop then remove the battery. Fixing of the power plug connector on the flipside of the device will help analyse the last used IP address (Al Ameen et al. 2013). Apart from that, remove every kind of wire from the computer and place the tape of evidence over the power plug in the reverse side of the computer in order to identify the file sharing process during the 4 days by the computers or by any of the network. Network server of the computer must be taken into consideration to capture the volatile data for the company. As given most of the TV services, the forensic evidence must be taken consideration before going for the final check. Every set of evidence must be protected as set of evidence in future. With the help of appropriate way of packaging of evidence via practice bags, or paper bag, sealed the computer peripherals from connected rot the power (Antoniou et al. 2008). Peripheral with volatile memory must be kept packaged appropriately to maintain with safety and precautions. Lastly, quintessentially logistics of the digital evidence must be kept safely in order to prevent it from any kind of damages or the from the magnetic products or from the fire etc in order secure the required the data safely. Equipment arrangements: Coming at this phase, devices are used to collect the data from the hardware and softwares for the forensic imaging or analysis based on the evidence collected. Devices must be reviewed and documented to make sure that proper performance is maintained (Ballou Gilliland, 2011). Only those devices will be employed that are helpful for operating at the crime scene. With the help of various software system the investigation can be completed some of the major devices for investigations are given below : SANS SIFT: It is one of the major forensic technology kit which based on the live streaming of CD that includes entire tools and is necessary at the time of conducting the investigations. The software is very much compromises of the Witness format and advanced forensic format and RAW verifications format (Brueckner et al. 2008). This help to use the documentations on the desktop to help to become accustomed to what are those tools that are used on behalf of them. Volatility: It is one of the major forensics memory structure for the incident response of the unauthorized the hacking of the codes which helps to identify the codes which is majorly dump by RAM. Volatility helps to execute the version of windows and check the folder to malware of the password hacking to know the exact place of from where the code is coming from. Forensic imaging strategies: Here the team would be using the document is used based on the present condition of evidence. While doing the prevention must be taken to less exposure of the proof because of the problem of the contaminations from the hazardous chemical or the fire. Some of the ethical code of conduct must be maintained while examining the forensic evidence which is to following the honesty and integrity while investigations of the evidence within their packaging (Casey, 2013). Lack proper packaging of the any kind of evidence can creates problem for the examiner in future. Moreover, some of the peripheral like hardware and software write blockers are being used to prevent the evidence from being destroyed or being modified. Apart from that, forensic images must be captured of hard ware and softwares which is capable of bit stream images of original media (Guo Slay, 2010). The digital form of the evidence must be examined or maintained via data is preserved. Forensic images must be kept in the archive to maintain the future reference in case of another un-authorization for the hacking the firewall system of the famous, financial company. Build extractor: It is one of the major device which scan the disc image, file and or dig out the information such as the email address of the unauthorized person, IP address and URL of the hacker which will help the department to understand the actual series of information that has been used by the companies (Kenneally, 2005). The extracted information will be in the high encryption code which will be in the form of binary numbers. Forensic analysis strategy: It is one of the major methods of the documentation that is provided to determine the actual method of procedure that is needed to finish the part of the investigations and determine legal authority that includes examinations. Some of the major examples for the authority been consent are taken by the manager of the company, or the directive given by the board of the directors or by the third party by warrant (Lim et al. 2012). Consideration must be taken before commencing the investigation in order make them understand the need of the of information. An investigation most be based on the examiner and the requestor along with that investigation also must be conducted on the basis of the original proof and investigations to image files (Nogueira Celestino Jnior, 2009). With the help of appropriate form of control and standard during the time of investigations would help the IPD to solve the problem and submits the report on the basis of logical and systematically. Figure 1: Framework of digital forensic investigations (Source: Schmitknecht, 2004, pp-178) Documentations: After doing all of the above strategy, a document is formed that will includes: -Print copy of permission gained by the manager and owner of the company -Sequence of detention and seizing of peripherals (Sealey, 2004). -Total evidence must be counted -Information about the packaging and receipt and the total returning materials (Spruill Pavan, 2007). -description of evidence and -Communication about the culprit and case history The dements must be able to answer the question regarding the original theft , the culprit and expertise in the areas of making the security firewall system more strong softwares etc. the document must have contained the. Reports submissions: While submitting the reports some of the major examination of the reporters must be take care in order to maintain the protocol of the company information. The report must be comprises of various information regarding the reason of failure of the security system and the unauthorized people who has breaching the code or the password of the company to conduct burglary (Thompson, 2005).. -The report must contain the reason for the breaching the current firewall system . -The report must be continued or issued to address the requestor needs. -The report will give insight information in a very much clear and concise manner (V.Kayarkar, Ricchariaya Motwani, 2014). Forensic investigating steps for collecting the data NYPD (New York police department) forensic team will be handling the process of the collecting the information in order to catch the real culprit who has been transferring the money from one department to another without consent of the manager (Yusoff, Ismail Hassan, 2011). Since, the famous financial corporations is been facing the loss of the fund from one department to another , therefore the company I has hired the IPD and NYPD to collect the data for professional purpose. The data will be collected from the computer and its network will be based on the internal drives the accept media such as CD or pen drive along with USB along with memory card (airccse.org,. 2015). These external storage system is been used to hack the funding process without un-authorizing from the company. Apart from that, there has been other possible data which can be gained via various sources of data that is attached to the devices. One of the major sources of informations would be coming from the network programming like LAN and, WAN or WiFi etc. The data collected must be aware of the organizational policy and as well legal authority of their power while collecting the data (Yusoff, Ismail Hassan, 2011). Besides that, the situation of collecting the data can be even more complicated if the company location of the network is outside the organizations but since the incident is been take place within the departments (Finance to sales) shows that , collecting the data from one PC to another is one of the most difficult task. As per argument against the fourth amendment , computer can be used by various person even though it is an organization. Computer files and the fourth amendment does not specifically is been used in the cyber caf or the any other IP address . Since, the crime has occurred with the organizations, it will very easy for the examiner and the NYPD forensic department to collect the data (Ballou Gilliland, 2011). However, for NYPD entrance a warrant will be required in order to seize the computer. In spite of that, collection of data will be possible because the increase of emergency the fourth amendment gives the exceptions. Under the fourth amendment, forensic of NYPD will get free reign at looking of the computers files without the warrant from the court (Brueckner et al. 2008). Some of the major steps in the data collection are given below: The data can be acquired from the sources via three step process. Developing a plan to acquire data, acquire data and verification of the reliability of data a.Planning to collect the data: While making the plan, it is very much important to identify the sources of data information. The examiner can identify the data as per their priority and need for the investigations. Some of the major important factors are given below: Likely value: It is based on the understanding of the current situation of the problems and also based on the previous department (Casey, 2013). The examiner of the data must collect the data which relatively likely data sources. Volatility: Volatility of data here is based on the live system which is has been damage during the time of computer power off. Acquiring of the volatile data must be given major priority that the non volatile data (Guo Slay, 2010). Non volatile data of famous financial corporation would be helpful to analyses exact happenings. Efficiency needed : One of the major efficacy is been required to acquire of the data is time and at this stage time is money for the company. The time spent in equipment to take out the volatile and non volatile information along with new router takes longer time to capture the information (Kenneally, 2005). b.Data acquiring: The NYPD and IPD must look to acquire the data via various security tools like DRS or other forms of securing the data. Forensics can use their power of fourth amendment to use the forensic tool to collect the volatile and non volatile data by various sources. Data can be acquired via local method or over network (Lim et al. 2012). While acquisition of data over network , the judgment must be made as per the necessity of data and the attempt given on finding that. c.Verifying the reliability of the data: After the acquisition of data , it relevancy of the data is must be analysed. This is because the examiner and forensic analyst must confirm or sure that data is not been tampered (Nogueira Celestino Jnior, 2009). Data integrity very much suggest that, it consist of the several tools and copy the data from original digest data with the copied data. While doing so, several other steps must be taken into account to go detail investigations of the data which will show the information about the each tool discussed. The collected evidence must be well photographed and to show the visa evidence and monitor the entire information which will give direct access to the informations (Schmitknecht, 2004). For instance, if the computer on then it must be password protected in order to assess the actual information which will help the investigator for future reference. Formulation of plan for improving the weak security measures Make connection to secure network: One of the major step that should be taken by the famous financial company is to connect the serve in the most secured network. While connect with the LAN or the router, company should look to consult with company to access the best sure network. The configuration of the wireless network must be WPA 2-AES encryptions in order to maintain the data confidentiality (Sealey, 2004). Apart from that, company also should look to change their default username and password to manage the publications. Moreover, conduct MAC to filter the address while engaging the wireless SSID for instance, Small office /Home Office Router security. Build a strong firewall system: Building the strong and robust firewall system in order to manage and control the malware. Besides that, in order to build the strong firewall system ,company should look to use the high configuring firewall system like AsK5 , Cisco and Windows firewall system are some of the most secured firewall network within the system (Spruill Pavan, 2007). Moreover, building the firewall system and conducting the strong password arrangement which is only known by the managers of the company is one of the major way to stop the funds transfer without consent of the organizations. Training the existing employees: Check the employees background and train them enough to work as per company objectives. In order to improve reduce the theft and burglary from one department to another, company need to make strict policy and procedure. The strict policy and procedure of caught for guilty then as per the fourth amendment norms, employee will fired and sentenced for more than 15 years. With the help of setting of ethical code of conduct for personal use of internet will be punished by the company. The procedure will helps the company preserve from the misuses of the internet access (Thompson, 2005). Limited use of the professional access to the employee will give the company enough scope to create the fear in the employee of misusing of the internet within the organsiations (V.Kayarkar, Ricchariaya Motwani, 2014). In fact impact of fourth amendment will give the NYPD and other forensic department to search the computer without any kind of warrant. Conclusion From the above, informations, it has been found that, Famous financial company is been facing illegal transfer of money from one department to another without any kind of consent is been one of the major issue for the company. With the help of the help of forensic investigation of computer and network the company will be able to know the exact place the amount has been transferred. With the help of various process like seizing of data , handling of evidence of the data and standalone data helps the company analyze the actual process of the infestations. The process of investigation has given enough evidence that the amount has been gone to the sales department of the FFC. Apart from that, another major method collection of data like identifying of the possible sources of data , acquiring the data and relevancy of data is required to understand the actual data process. Most of all the investigation would be completed with NYPD with legal actions via fourth amendment policy. The fourth amendment is one of the major legal activities which suggest that, in case of emergency the NYPD forensic can check the computer or file or another other things without any kind of warrant. In order to improve the security system of the company, secure network system is implemented. Reference List Books Bauchner, E. (2006). Computer investigation. Philadelphia: Mason Crest Publishers. Clarke, N. (2010). Computer forensics. Ely: IT Governance Pub. Easttom, C., Taylor, J. (2011). Computer crime, investigation, and the law. Boston, Mass.: Course Technology PTR/Cengage Learning. Hoog, A., McCash, J. (2011). Android forensics. Waltham, MA: Syngress. Prosise, C., Mandia, K. (2003). Incident response computer forensics. New York: McGraw-Hill/Osborne. Shinder, D., Tittel, E. (2002). Scene of the cybercrime. Rockland, MA: Syngress Pub. Vacca, J. (2005). Computer forensics. Hingham, Mass.: Charles River Media. Vacca, J., Rudolph, K. (2011). System forensics, investigation, and response. Sudbury, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning. Hatch, B. (2008). Hacking exposed Linux. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Sarkar, P. (2013). VMware vCloud Security. Birmingham: Packt Publishing. Thakkar, J. (2010). Securing cognitive radios with a policy enforcer and secure inter-component transport mechanisms. [Blacksburg, Va.: University Libraries, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Tipton, H., Krause, M. (2012). Information Security Management Handbook, Fifth Edition. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Journals Al Ameen, Z., Bin Sulong, G., Md. Johar, M. (2013). Computer Forensics and Image Deblurring: An Inclusive Investigation. IJMECS, 5(11), 42-48. doi:10.5815/ijmecs.2013.11.06 Antoniou, G., Sterling, L., Gritzalis, S., Udaya, P. (2008). Privacy and forensics investigation process: The ERPINA protocol. Computer Standards Interfaces, 30(4), 229-236. doi:10.1016/j.csi.2007.10.008 Ballou, S., Gilliland, R. (2011). Emerging paper standards in computer forensics. Digital Investigation, 8(2), 96-97. doi:10.1016/j.diin.2011.05.017 Brueckner, S., Guaspari, D., Adelstein, F., Weeks, J. (2008). Automated computer forensics training in a virtualized environment. Digital Investigation, 5, S105-S111. doi:10.1016/j.diin.2008.05.009 Casey, E. (2013). Triage in digital forensics. Digital Investigation, 10(2), 85-86. doi:10.1016/j.diin.2013.08.001 Guo, Y., Slay, J. (2010). Testing Forensic Copy Function of Computer Forensics Investigation Tools. Journal Of Digital Forensic Practice, 3(1), 46-61. doi:10.1080/15567280903521392 Kenneally, E. (2005). The Internet is the computer: The role of forensics in bridging the digital and physical divide. Digital Investigation, 2(1), 41-44. doi:10.1016/j.diin.2005.01.011 Lim, S., Yoo, B., Park, J., Byun, K., Lee, S. (2012). A research on the investigation method of digital forensics for a VMware Workstations virtual machine. Mathematical And Computer Modelling, 55(1-2), 151-160. doi:10.1016/j.mcm.2011.02.011 Nogueira, J., Celestino Jnior, J. (2009). Autonomic Forensics a New Frontier to Computer Crime Investigation Management. The International Journal Of Forensic Computer Science, 29-41. doi:10.5769/j200901003 Schmitknecht, D. (2004). Building FBI computer forensics capacity: one lab at a time. Digital Investigation, 1(3), 177-182. doi:10.1016/j.diin.2004.07.007 Sealey, P. (2004). Remote forensics. Digital Investigation, 1(4), 261-265. doi:10.1016/j.diin.2004.11.002 Spruill, A., Pavan, C. (2007). Tackling the U3 trend with computer forensics. Digital Investigation, 4(1), 7-12. doi:10.1016/j.diin.2006.12.001 Thompson, E. (2005). MD5 collisions and the impact on computer forensics. Digital Investigation, 2(1), 36-40. doi:10.1016/j.diin.2005.01.004 V.Kayarkar, P., Ricchariaya, P., Motwani, A. (2014). Mining Frequent Sequences for Emails in Cyber Forensics Investigation. International Journal Of Computer Applications, 85(17), 1-6. doi:10.5120/14930-3332 Yusoff, Y., Ismail, R., Hassan, Z. (2011). Common Phases of Computer Forensics Investigation Models. International Journal Of Computer Science And Information Technology, 3(3), 17-31. doi:10.5121/ijcsit.2011.3302 Websites https://airccse.org,. (2015). COMMON PHASES OF COMPUTER FORENSICS INVESTIGATION MODELS. Retrieved 20 March 2015, from https://www.oas.org/juridico/spanish/cyb_best_pract.pdf

Labeling TheoryLabeling Theory free essay sample

Intro: The labeling theory is based upon the idea that one is not considered deviant through their actions, but instead deviance is built upon from people negatively judging an individual with disparate behavioral tendencies from the cultural norm. It centralizes around the idea that deviance is relative, as nobody is born deviant, but become deviant through social processes when surrounding peers consistently label a person as deviant. Therefore, one becomes a deviant because one believes that one’s self-concept is a deviant through consistent labeling of external factors, usually from higher authoritative peers. The labeling theory therefore focuses on how one’s self-identity or behavior can be shaped and influenced by how other people classify and react to one’s actions. This paper will begin by analyzing foundational frameworks of the labeling theory, and proceed with how this theory then was exemplified. Then, the main points of this theory will be summarized, following in depth classifications, and then an example of the application of the labeling theory to policy. We will write a custom essay sample on Labeling TheoryLabeling Theory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Intellectual Foundation: The foundational base of the labeling theory is built around the theories created from Mead, Tannenbaum and Lemert. Mead created the idea of symbolic interactionism, that everyone creates their self-identity or human behavior through social interactions with their surrounding environment. Then by putting together all these experiences, one uses this to construct their own self-identity . There is a strong correlation to labeling theory as it is built upon the idea that the labels attached to individuals are built by others’ conception of the individual’s behavior. Tannenbaum constructed the idea of the â€Å"Dramatization of the Evil†, which has a central premise of how adolescents become delinquents. Many activities that adults do not approve of include smoking, flooding school washrooms or cutting classes. When informally punished by teachers or parents, if severe can instead stimulate deviancy the adolescents to further engage in misconduct. The idea of symbolic interactionists was used was the framework of explaining deviance and crime. Afterwards, Lemert explains the labeling theory as a transitional process from primary deviance to secondary deviance. Becker follows this by explaining the labeling theory through a deviant career  model. First, Lemert explains that everyone is in the stage of primary deviance. Through normal everyday occurrences, anyone can be situated in incidents that would cause them to form deviant acts because of external factors, such as peer pressure. However, as long as these occurrences remain hidden or occasional, they will stay as primary deviance and not influence the individual as there will be little to none negative social reaction. As a result of the little negative social reaction, each person would not label himself or herself as deviant either. If they do however however, Sykes and Matza specified five neutralization techniques for one to maintain a non-deviant self-concept. These five concepts consist of: denial of responsibility for their act, denial that injury to others is real, denial that a victim is really a victim, condemn those who are condemning them, and appeal to higher loyalties to justify their actions. (82) One therefore uses these strategies to avoid the self-definition of deviancy. However, when someone is socially defined as deviant and accepts their self-definition as deviant, they engage in Lemert’s concept of secondary deviance. When the deviant label is successfully applied, this often follows with negative social interaction and social rejection. Longing for social acceptance, this person resort to subcultures consisted with people who pursue similar acts. Then, this person adapts to the lifestyle, culture, people and environment of deviancy. Becker extends the labeling theory onto two more perspectives: moral entrepreneurship and the deviant career. He introduces these concepts through the idea that consistent deviant behavior is what stimulates deviant motivation. Becker’s famous book Outsiders is known to be the manifesto of the labeling theory movement among many sociologists. He describes deviance in relation to the labeling theory as that: â€Å"social groups create deviance by making rules whose infraction creates deviance, and by applying those roles to particular people and labeling them as outsiders. From this point of view, deviance is not a quality of the act the person commits, but rather a consequence of the application by other of rules and sanctions to an offender. The deviant is one to whom that label has been successfully applied; deviant behavior is behavior that people so label The idea of moral entrepreneurs consists of people with higher authoritative power that have the ability to create and enforce moral norms by integrating them into legal statues and  prohibitations (Gomme, 2007, p. 83). This creates a social hierarchy between those with higher moral or economic interests in comparison with those of less social and economic power. Therefore, the higher social classes are the ones that create the deviant labels of nonconformists. A deviant career is the process of how one becomes a deviant. Becker relates this to the concept of a career from how one begins at the lowest position and through hard work and time he or she will continuously be promoted throughout his or her career. Each promotion affects the individual’s self-esteem, self-concept, and identity (Gomme, 2007, p. 83). The same concept applies to a deviant career, as promotion in this area reflects a positive light on the individual from their deviant peers. An aspect of a deviant career is also the â€Å"master status†, meaning a status that â€Å"overrides other statuses regardless of the context in which the person is located when he or she is the subject of reaction† (Gomme, 2007, p. 83). When one has a master status of a deviant, there is usually continuous negative response such as gossip, avoidance, or discrimination. The concept of shaming from Braithwaite does not consist only of the labeling theory, as he combines several other theories such as: strain, subcultural, social learning, control and labeling theories. Reintegrative shaming begins by having the individual feel social disapproval, followed by feelings of remorse as a result of being shamed. Ceremonies are held to certify the deviancy, and then followed by additional ceremonies to decertify the deviancy. Through this, people see the cause and effect of reintegrative shaming so they avoid future actions that would create a master status label of a deviant. Shaming through instigmatization however, provokes and amplifies criminal behavior because shaming arouses disrespectful disapproval and humiliation. The ceremonies that certify deviancy are not followed with ceremonies to decertify the deviancy. Therefore, the act and the persons’ self-concept both become labeled as evil, resulting in a master status of a deviant. Explanation of the theory: Symbolic interaction is the core foundation of what the labeling theory is built upon. Through social processes, meanings and symbols become created through interaction. Whether positive or negative, these messages are interpreted to define a person’s identity and self-concept. This therefore  is a â€Å"symbolic interpretation of the symbolic interpretations of the reactions of others act as a social mirror that reflects the actor’s self† (p. 87). George Mead created the concept that meanings are comprised the interpretations of one another given off in symbolic messages in the context of the interaction. This self-identity is created from how others interpret people’s reaction of them. As Mead identified this as â€Å"the self as a social construction†, Charles Cooley identified this as â€Å"the looking glass self† (Gomme, 2007, p. 87). Through this frame work of the symbolic interaction came the creation of the labeling theory in perspective of crime and deviance. In this case, usually people with higher social class or authority have the power to either informally, as a parent teacher etc, or formally, as an institution etc, to label someone. This is the basic framework of what constitutes as the labeling theory. Afterwards, many different perspectives of defining and constructing the labeling theory were created. One important aspect is how deviance transitions from primary to secondary. One is first defined deviant through consistent negative social reaction from surrounding factors. When these people begin to isolate and neglect the labeled â€Å"deviant†, the deviant believes that his or her self-concept is truly deviant, therefore creating a deviant identity. Therefore, these deviant labeled people live in deviant environment, processing onto secondary deviance. Additional key concepts include the moral entrepreneur, the deviant career and the master status. Moral entrepreneur are ones with high authoritative power that can create or enforce moral norms into the legal system, therefore labeling ones with less economic and social power. The master status is the primary status that overrides all other ones despite context and location of the situation. Having a deviant master status causes social neglect and negative social reactions. Finally, Braithewaite uses the concept of the labeling theory and creates the reintegrative shaming, which specifies conditions under which â€Å"labeling constitutes a mitigating or aggregating circumstance influencing future and criminal behavior† (Gomme, 2007, p. 88). There are two types. Reintegrative shaming reduces crime, and stigmatizing increases crime. Application of theory to policy: Despite the many efforts of the labeling theory to reduce deviance and crime, there are many implications that rests on that labeling and stigmatization my official agents actually increase crime and deviance. In order to decrease this, theorist advice that stigma be reduced through limiting formal procedures (criminal justice program) and instead promote diversion programs. One idea is the implementation of community service in replacement of juvenile jail time. This will minimize official labeling by directing ones of minor offences out of prison and into court-mandated work in the community (Gomme, 2007, p. 86). A conviction of juvenile time is considered severe can cause the effect of Lumert’s idea of secondary deviance, as a formal institution is labeling an adolescence as a deviant. For example, this individual will now have a criminal record so when this person applies for a job, he or she will need to present his criminal record. Not only this, but by being in a jail environment, this individual will meet and interact with similar people who conducted similar deviant acts. They can bond, and share ideas to pursue in future deviant acts together. Through community service however, the individual might be initially labeled as a deviant, but the name is soon be gone as he or she finishes their mandatory volunteer time. Not only this, but they will no engage with other deviants. Therefore, implementing and stronger court-mandated work in the community would reduce stigma in comparison to promoting juvenile jail time. Tannenbaum supports this by stating that, â€Å"the way out is through a refusal to dramatize the evil†, the justice system attempts to do this through diversion programs. The growth of the theory and its current application, both practical and theoretical, provide a solid foundation for continued popularity. Classifying the theory: Deviant labels are usually given from classes with higher authoritative power who have integrated their moral norms into statutes and prohibitations, therefore labeling those with less economic and social stability. This therefore falls under the conflict theory. Although the labeling theory is classified as a conflict theory, the labeling theory focuses on a micro level analysis of how people’s social interactions with their surrounding environment are interpreted then re-modified to produce a personal identity. Becker supports this by stating â€Å"the most relative interactionist theory of deviance is that â€Å"social groups create deviance by making the rules whose  infraction constitutes deviance†. This means that deviant behavior is arisen from the influences of social control factors instead of the personal reason of why one commits a deviant act, resulting this to be a micro-level analysis. The labeling theory is classified as process as this theory involves how one’s process of developing a deviant identification is through the social reactions of their peers. From all these gathered information, constitutes how this individual would also define situations. Therefore, the labeling theory constitutes the process of how one becomes and develops a deviant self-concept. Conclusion: The labeling theory is created among the idea that one’s actions do not define whether he or she is deviant. Instead however, social reaction of one’s behavior creates and mol one’s self-identity, and along side attaching meanings and labels. Therefore, no one is born as a deviant person, but instead is molded into deviancy through social process. The labeling theory constitutes of a strong framework through the ideas of Mead, Tannenbaum and Lemert. Mead’s idea of Symbolic interaction could be considered the seed of the labeling theory. The label theory answers the questions of â€Å"Who is defined as a deviant?† â€Å"How did this happen?† and â€Å"What are the consequences?†

Answers to Questions About Tense #3

Answers to Questions About Tense #3 Answers to Questions About Tense #3 Answers to Questions About Tense #3 By Mark Nichol Three questions from readers about mixing tenses, and my responses to their questions, follow. 1. When I read the following quote recently, I wondered whether it’s wrong for all the verbs to be in the past tense: â€Å"Smith said he believed that the company was trying to intimidate employees into not participating in the panel’s efforts.† What do you think? Reporting is generally presented in the past tense, but to continue to form verbs in the past tense may misrepresent the facts. At the time that Smith spoke, he held a belief that he presumably will hold into perpetuity, so the present tense of believe is appropriate here. However, whether the verb after company should be in present tense or past tense depends on whether the alleged intimidation is ongoing. That was not the case in this particular instance, but if that is not clear in the context of the complete article, the reporter should explicitly state whether the intimidation ended. The sentence should read, â€Å"Smith said he believes that the company was trying to intimidate employees into not participating in the panel’s efforts.† 2. Is the following sentence properly constructed?: â€Å"Launching nationwide on September 25, BankWorks is a new service offered by Banking Services, the same company that brought you BankTrack and BankData.† Somehow the variation in verb tenses (launching, is, brought) does not sit quite right with me, but I cannot say if it is wrong. Mixing tenses in sentences is fine, as long as each verb form is consistent with the tense for that piece of information. The service will launch in the future, but it is offered in the present, and the services BankTrack and BankData were established in the past, so the sentence is correct. 3. What are your thoughts are regarding tense usage for reported speech? Consider the following sentences: â€Å"John told me that he was married.† â€Å"John told me that he is married.† Which one should I use if I want to say that John was married at the time he said he was married and he is still married at the time of the reported speech? Write, â€Å"John told me that he is married† if he had a spouse at the time that he spoke to you. Write, â€Å"John told me that he was married† if John is now single. (Mixing of tenses is correct if the context warrants it, but it goes against the grain, and we’re so used to seeing it wrong, especially in nonprofessional writing, that it may seem incorrect.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Apply to, Apply for, and Apply withAbstract Nouns from AdjectivesWhen to use "an"

Mrs. Fields Write Up... ISMG 3000 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mrs. Fields Write Up... ISMG 3000 - Case Study Example This was followed by the creation of Combination Stores that were not merely Cookie Selling Stores but also offered a wide range of other bakery products like Croissants, Bread, Hot Soups and sandwiches etc that were all being sold initially under the brand name of La Petite Boulangerie separately that had now been purchased by the Fields’. Moreover, these were not only store outlets but were sit-down cafes as well. The Field’s took these actions because they wanted to expand on their existing business. They were afraid that their name was well established in the present times but this may not be persistent and the monotony in their products and sales outlets may lead to the drifting away of their trusted customers as well. Since they were earning stable benefits and all their business processes were running smoothly Mr. Field thought that the merging of one or more companies into their existing setup would bring the well hailed boost to their product line. Mr. Field was primarily eyeing the revenue that he expected would be generated when the merger of the purchased companies would eventually be complete. Mr. Field was foreseeing the purchasing over even more new stores as a result of the revenue he expected to earn after this practical merger. His main motive was that he will have enough profits to make future payments by them. The demographical strength of the fields’ store, he thought would not effect any slight fluctuations in the economy that might take place during the transitional process of incorporating new companies and earning profits for the further new companies that were expected to be added to the combinational Stores’ Chain. Being an LPB store manager I wouldn’t be the happiest person on Earth. The company thatwas managed by me was being sold to another owner and rather than being downsized. Thus the

Operation Hope unethical partnership decision with Union Bank and Nix Essay

Operation Hope unethical partnership decision with Union Bank and Nix Check Cashing - Essay Example Union Bank of California has entered in to partnership with Operation Hope which is a non-profit making organization and also Nix Check Cashing to offer financial services to low-income households. Many residents have low incomes thus consider savings-oriented services less attractive. Bryant of Operation Hope is initially reluctant to join the Union/Nix ownership model that includes financial literacy and market opportunities for Union Bank. Surprisingly, Operation Hope becomes the first non-governmental organization to sell 40 percent of its Hope Center in Willowbrook to a financial institution. This partnership links a bank which provides high interest payday loans to Operation Hope that is supposed to safeguard the welfare of the community b y providing services to low income households. The banking officers are reluctant to offer short term loans. The partnership may expose customer privacy information since Union Bank may share customer confidential information with Nix and Ope ration Hope. Nix employees are inefficient and have to give a 10 day waiting period before processing the loans. According to Union Bank, the aim of the partnership is to create 6,000 new bank customers and provide 750,000 ATM transactions (Bradley 7). Though from the Union Bank should comply with 1977 community Reinvestment Act by meeting the credit needs of communities. Nix alliance has compromised the role of Operation Hope since it cannot play a public watchdog role while it is a partner to the partnership. The construction of the partnership is aimed at ensuring profitability and success of Union Bank and Nix Check Cashing. The partnership agreement between the three institutions is unethical. The partnership is geared at increasing the profitability of Union Bank and meeting regulatory requirements like Community Reinvestment Act which requires Union Bank to offer services to communities (Bradley 7). Virtue ethics According to virtue ethics, the current state of affairs is une thical since it is not guided by ethical virtues. The virtues of Operation Hope management require them to act in a virtuous manner and act as community watchdog. Operation Hope as a non-profit institution should not enter in to a partnership which seeks to exploit the local low income households by providing expensive financial services. Operation hope should have avoided a partnership that has the potential of exposing private customer information and contravening human dignity virtues. In order to safeguard community welfare, Operation Hope should display virtues such as integrity, compassion, wisdom and courage and reject any partnership that seeks to provide expensive loans to low income households. According to Aristotle, the virtue ethics will consist of the mean between the extremes of excess and deficiency which are vices but some actions have no extremes like murder since it is virtuously wrong (Bowie 87). According to Aristotle, pleasure will impede ethical choices. For i nstance, the management of Operation Hope has acted with fear in order to uphold the partnership instead of safeguarding the community welfare. Union Bank is also unethical in its decision to partner with Nix and Operation Hope since its main objective is to adhere to requirements of Community Reinvestment Act and increase market share and profitability and not to provide the cheap loans required by the low income households. Union Bank decision is unethical since it only wants to increase market share at the expense of the society welfare. The decision of Operation Hope to join the partnership has been motivated by the pleasure of being associated with Union Bank which is a reputable Wall Street institution and Nix which is well known for cashing services. The partnership is unethical since it only promotes profit interests of Union Bank shareholders and not common interests of the low income ho

Approaches to Economic Development

Approaches to Economic Development THE ECONOMICS OF DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTS AND APPROACHES Meaning of the term ‘Economic Development’ Actually, there are broadly two main approaches to the concept of economic development : The Traditional Approach or ‘The Stages of Economic Growth’ Theories of the 1950s and the early 1960s. The New Welfare Oriented Approach or ‘The Structural-Internationalist’ Models of the late 1960s and the 1970s. 1.  The Traditional Approach : The thinking of the 1950s and early 1960s focused mainly on the concept of the stages of economic growth. Here the process of development was viewed as a series of successive stages through which all countries had to pass. The propounders of this approach advocated the necessity of the right quantity and mixture of saving, investment and foreign aid to enable the LDCs to proceed along an economic growth path. They based their conclusions on the fact that this economic path historically had been followed by most of the more developed countries. Thus, in this period development had become synonymous with rapid, aggregate economic growth. This approach defined development strictly in economic terms and it implied : A sustained annual increase in the GNP at rates varying from 5 to 7 pcpa or more; Such changes in the structure of production and employment that the share of agriculture declines in both, while the share of manufacturing and the tertiary sectors increase. The policy measures that were suggested in this period were the ones which induced industrialization at the expense of agricultural development. The objectives of poverty elimination, economic inequalities reduction and employment generation were mentioned but only as a passing reference. In most cases it was assumed that the rapid gains in overall growth in the GNP would ‘trickle-down to the masses’ in one form or the other. 2.  The New Welfare Oriented Approach: Jacob Viner was probably the first economist (1950’s) to argue that an economy could not boast of having achieved economic progress if the incidence of poverty in that economy had not diminished. But it was in the early 1970’s that economists began to realize that Jacob Viner’s stance was relevant, as nearly 40 % of the developing world’s population had not benefited at all from the rise in the GNP and from the structural changes that had taken place in their respective economies during the 1950’s and 1960’s. Hence, in the 1970s it became necessary to redefine the concept of economic development. This modern approach views underdevelopment in terms of : international and domestic power relationships; institutional and structural economic rigidities; and, the proliferation of dual economies and dual societies both within and among the nations of the world. This approach places emphasis on policies that would lead to the eradication of poverty, provide more diversified employment opportunities, and reduce income inequalities. This approach insists that these and the other egalitarian objectives have to be achieved only within the socio-economic context of the respective growing economy. Thus today, economic development is a process whereby the general economic well-being (especially of the masses) of an economy is affected for the better. Meier defines economic development very concisely as: ‘Development is the process whereby the real per capita income of a country increases over a long period of time subject to the stipulation that the number below an absolute poverty line does not increase and that the distribution of income does not become more unequal’. This definition thus highlights the following aspects of the term economic development : 1.  Development is a PROCESS : Today, development implies the operation of certain socio-economic forces in an interconnected and causal fashion. This interpretation is more meaningful than merely to identify development with a set of conditions or a catalogue of characteristics. 2.  Development is a RISE IN THE REAL PER CAPITA INCOME : Since today the development of a poor country arises from a desire to remove its mass poverty, the primary goal should be a rise in the real PCI rather than simply an increase in the economy’s real national income, uncorrected for changes in the population. Simply increasing the real national income does not guarantee that there would be an improvement in the general living standards of the masses. If the population growth rate surpasses the growth of national output or even runs parallel with it, the result would be a falling or at best a constant PCI and as this would not be beneficial to the masses, it cannot be considered as development. 3.  Development can take place only over a LONG PERIOD OF TIME : This time period is significant from the stand-point of development being a sustained increase in the real income and not simply as a short-period temporary rise, such as occurs during the upswing of the business cycle. The underlying continuous upward trend in the growth of the real PCI over at least two or three decades is a strong indication that the process of development is on the right track. 4.  Development must lead to a DECREASE IN SIZE OF THE ABSOLUTELY POOR : Given the new orientation of the development thought, it is necessary that the quality of life of the masses must improve in fact improve to the extent of actually showing a fall in the amount of people living below the poverty line. This would automatically require, as suggested in the definition, a reduction in the economic inequalities in the economy. To achieve this goal, it is necessary that the policies implemented should actually divert economic power towards the economically vulnerable groups in the economy. The policies should aim at raising the real PCI, causing a diminution in economic inequality (ie., an alleviation if not an eradication of poverty), ensuring a minimum level of consumption, guaranteeing a certain socially relevant composition of the national income, reducing unemployment to a tolerable low level and removing regional development disparities. The framework of development as given by Charles P. Kindleberger and Bruce Herrick reiterates the improvement-of-the-masses emphasis of Meier’s definition. Kindleberger and Herrick maintain that economic development is generally taken to include : Improvement in material welfare, especially for persons with the lowest incomes, the eradication of mass poverty along with its correlates of illiteracy, disease, and early death; Changes in the composition of inputs and outputs that generally include shifts in the underlying structure of production away from agricultural and towards industrial activities; Organizing the economy in such a way that productive employment is general among the working age population and that employment is not a privilege of only a minority; and, Increasing the degree of participation of the masses in making decisions about the directions, economic and otherwise, in which the economy should move to improve their own welfare. The Economic Growth V/s Economic Development dEBATE The stress on the improvement in the quality of life of the masses has made it imperative to distinguish between the growth-oriented approach of the 1950s 1960s and the modern development-oriented approach of the late 1960s 1970s ie., the distinctions between Economic Growth and Economic Development must be highlighted. 1.  Definitional differences : Economic growth is a pure economic process whereby there is an increase in the economy’s GNP due to the increase in the productive capacity of the economy. Economic development, on the other hand, is a multi-dimensional process involving major changes in the social structures, popular attitudes and national institutions, as well as the acceleration of economic growth, the reduction of inequality and the eradication of absolute poverty. 2.  Differences in the objectives : Economic growth aims at: Increasing the size of the GNP, without actually considering the social relevance of the composition of the national income. Removing all the obstacles that could come in the way of increasing the economy’s productive capacity, eg., removing the market imperfections that exist in the economy. Supplying the ‘missing components’ like capital, foreign exchange, technology, skills and management, which are needed for improving the economy’s productive capacity. Hoping that the benefits of the increased capacity of the economy would some how reach the masses. Economic development, on the other hand, aims at : Increasing the availability and widening the distribution of basic life-sustaining goods such as food, shelter, health and protection. Raising the level of living including, in addition to higher incomes, the provision of more jobs, better education and greater attention to cultural and humanistic values, all of which serve not only to enhance material well-being but also to generate greater individual and national self-esteem. Expanding the range of economic and social choice to individuals and nations by freeing them from servitude and dependence, not only in relation to other people and nations, but also from the forces of ignorance and human misery. Thus, we see that the goals of economic growth are rather narrow in scope, while those of economic development are more broad-based in nature and in scope. 3.  Differences in the overall approach : a.  Quantitative versus Qualitative Approaches : According to Kindleberger, economic growth means more output, while economic development implies not only more output but also changes in the technical and institutional arrangements by which it is produced and distributed. Growth involves more output derived from greater amounts of inputs and with greater efficiency; but, development implies changes in the composition of the output and in the allocation of the inputs to the different sectors. Thus, growth is related to a quantitative sustained increase in the PCI accompanied by the expansion in its labour force, consumption, capital and volume of trade, while economic development is related to qualitative changes in economic wants, goods, incentives and institutions. b.  Revolutionary Speed versus Evolutionary Speed Approaches : Economic growth implies a certain degree of rapidity in the change process. Changes are introduced at a brisk rate and without a sufficient preparation of the socio-eco-politico foundations of the economy. Projects are literally imposed on the economy to create a global impression of progress. The masses are either not taken into confidence or are not considered vis-à  -vis the new projects. The rapid changes caused by the ‘Revolutionary Approach’ of economic growth ensure the failure of the system within a short time. Economic Development, on the other hand, adopts a more ‘Evolutionary Approach’ ie., it first ensures that the socio-eco-politico foundations are readied for the change. Hence, when the change actually takes place, it is readily and popularly accepted and supported. Thus, development involves creating a sense of awareness and a feeling of participation among the masses in the economy. This makes the development process painstakingly slow, long and drawn-out but it is this gradualness in approach that actually strengthens the economy in the long run. c.  Only Immediate Gains versus Also Futuristic Gains Approaches : The gains that accrue from economic development are far more sustaining than those made from growth, simply because of the differences in the way the future of the to-be-introduced projects are anticipated, analyzed and appreciated. Economic growth means increasing the economic activities, irrespective of whether the economy can continue supporting the newly introduced economic activity in the long run or not. For instance, along the lines of economic growth, an LDC would increase its current steel producing capacity, but it would not be able to keep up this new capacity for more than a few years. Hence, within a few years, the increased capacity would lay wasting leading to a wastage of scarce resources. Economic development, on the other hand, would consider the future sustaining capacity of the economy before actually increasing the steel capacity. If and only if the economy can continue supporting this higher rate in the future, the capacity would actually increase. Thus, economi c development guarantees that the scarce resources are currently used fruitfully and appropriately. d.  Only Economic versus Also Environmental concern Approaches : Economic growth, due to its rapid approach, more often than not, causes harm to the environment natural and/or social. Projects are undertaken without considering the cascading effects that could follow in the form of natural environment degradation, pollution, overcrowding, increase in crime rate, bottlenecks in infrastructural facilities, etc. For instance, an economy, for growth’s sake, could undertake an irrigational project without either making a thorough study of or without caring about its ramifications on the natural and social environment. Economic development, on the other hand, insists on the conservation and the protection of the natural and social environment. If a certain project could cause any sort of significant damage to the environment, that project would be either abandoned or altered. If the above mentioned irrigational project was approached from the development point of view, its site would be either changed, or its dimensions altered to prevent natural environmental harm; and if there is any sort of social environmental damage, like displacement of the inhabitants, then, rehabilitation projects would be undertaken, in consultation with the affected people. e.  The Trickle-Down versus The Direct-Attack Approaches : Economic growths, primary goal is to increase the productive capacity of the economy massively, irrespective of whether or not the poorer sections would benefit from this higher capacity. In fact, growth works on the assumption that the benefits that accrue from the increase in capacity would some how or the other trickle-down to the masses. Thus, growth makes no deliberate attempt ensure that the benefits do reach the poorer sections of the economy. The objectives of poverty eradication, economic inequalities reduction and employment generation are mentioned but only as a passing reference, as secondary gains that may or may not occur. Growth has a sort of an in-built tendency to bypass those very people in the economy who deserve to be supported the most by it. Economic development, on the other hand, by directly attacking economic misery, ensures that the benefits of the increase in the productive capacity actually reach the masses. The policies aim at diverting economic power towards the economically weaker sections of the economy. The policies directly aim at raising the real PCI, causing a diminution in economic inequality, ensuring a minimum level of consumption, guaranteeing a certain socially relevant composition of the national income, reducing unemployment to a tolerable low level and removing regional development disparities. 4.  Interrelationship between Economic Growth Economic Development : Although economic growth and economic development are indeed very different in their approaches, there exists an inter-relationship between them. It is difficult to conceive of development without growth. In low income countries, for instance, a substantial increase in the GNP is needed before they can hope to overcome their problems of poverty, unemployment and occupational distribution. However, it is possible to have growth without development, as growth is not concerned with the social aspects of an economy. In short, since development is a broader concept it encompasses growth and therefore can be said to be directly related to growth. Thus, development is growth with a human face. References: Todaro, M.Economic Development in the Third World. Chs 1 and 3 Meier, G.Leading issues in Economic Development. Ch 1 (1-A) Misra PuriEconomics of Growth and Development (4th Ed) Ch 1 Jhingan, M. L.The Economics of Development and Planning. (28th Ed) Ch 1 Mukherji, SampatModern Economic Theory Ch 50

Great Expectations: Use of Irony :: free essay writer

Great Expectations: Use of Irony Many professors, analysts, and common readers believe that Great Expectations was possibly the best work of Charles Dickens. Perhaps it was because of the diverse themes displayed by Dickens, which modulate as the story progresses. A clear example of the measures taken by the author to create diversity, is the application of irony. Dickens uses Rony to create suspense and conflict in plot events related to Estella, Miss Havisham, the convict, Joe, and Mrs. Joe. The relationship between Pip and Estella is very complex and ironic. It keeps the reader entertained, with the humor of sophisticated children. A major irony, of situation, occurs when Estella kisses Pip after insulting and degrading him. The reader becomes confused with Estella's actions and feels sympathy for Pip. The confusion causes conflict, which keeps the reader on the edge of their seat. On page 104 Estella says, "Come here! You may kiss me, if you like." This is something unexpected, which livens up the story. Dickens portrays Miss Havisham in a very unique way. There is a dramatic irony between Miss Havisham and Pip. It is ironic how she wanted to watch him become miserable, just because he is of the male gender, and ironically she grew to like him. She even paid for part of Pip's expenses for the partnership. Yet what is more ironic is that Miss Havisham does not praise herself for the good deed. In the beginning of the novel, Miss Havisham displayed a harsh, cold attitude toward Pip. This is displayed in her deceptive act on page 69, where she says, "Well, you can break his heart?" As the novel ends Miss Havisham's attitude completely changes. She realizes the pain she has caused Pip and apologizes to him. Because of her positive change, she becomes more likeable to the audience. A third person to have an odd effect on Pip is the convict. One of the greatest examples of irony is brought out, in the sudden confrontation between Pip and the convict. On page 12, the convict speaks to Pip, " Get me a file." Pip listens to the convict and brings him food and a file. It is ironic how a simple task such as this, changed Pip's life forever. Pip obeyed the man, and later in life the man repaid him. It is ironic how the convict takes from Pip, then later gives back. Great Expectations: Use of Irony :: free essay writer Great Expectations: Use of Irony Many professors, analysts, and common readers believe that Great Expectations was possibly the best work of Charles Dickens. Perhaps it was because of the diverse themes displayed by Dickens, which modulate as the story progresses. A clear example of the measures taken by the author to create diversity, is the application of irony. Dickens uses Rony to create suspense and conflict in plot events related to Estella, Miss Havisham, the convict, Joe, and Mrs. Joe. The relationship between Pip and Estella is very complex and ironic. It keeps the reader entertained, with the humor of sophisticated children. A major irony, of situation, occurs when Estella kisses Pip after insulting and degrading him. The reader becomes confused with Estella's actions and feels sympathy for Pip. The confusion causes conflict, which keeps the reader on the edge of their seat. On page 104 Estella says, "Come here! You may kiss me, if you like." This is something unexpected, which livens up the story. Dickens portrays Miss Havisham in a very unique way. There is a dramatic irony between Miss Havisham and Pip. It is ironic how she wanted to watch him become miserable, just because he is of the male gender, and ironically she grew to like him. She even paid for part of Pip's expenses for the partnership. Yet what is more ironic is that Miss Havisham does not praise herself for the good deed. In the beginning of the novel, Miss Havisham displayed a harsh, cold attitude toward Pip. This is displayed in her deceptive act on page 69, where she says, "Well, you can break his heart?" As the novel ends Miss Havisham's attitude completely changes. She realizes the pain she has caused Pip and apologizes to him. Because of her positive change, she becomes more likeable to the audience. A third person to have an odd effect on Pip is the convict. One of the greatest examples of irony is brought out, in the sudden confrontation between Pip and the convict. On page 12, the convict speaks to Pip, " Get me a file." Pip listens to the convict and brings him food and a file. It is ironic how a simple task such as this, changed Pip's life forever. Pip obeyed the man, and later in life the man repaid him. It is ironic how the convict takes from Pip, then later gives back.